001-040 - Nose for Danger
Welcome to interactive presentation, created with Publuu. Enjoy the reading!
NOSE FOR DANGER
uncovering the secrets of
TERRORISM
On the Trail of the Perpetrators
by Karl-Heinz Klöpper
Impressed
Texted: © Copyright by Karl-Heinz Klöpper 6/2023
Cover: © Copyright by Karl-Heinz Klöpper
Publisher:
DOGINARE – Specialist publisher for dog handlers
Edition: I/2023
Letterpress: www.wirmachendruck.de
Postal Adress: Schubertstraße 15 a - 46359 Heiden – BRD
Contact: info@doginare.net www.doginare.net
FOREWORD
1
COMPREHENSIVE EXAMINATION OF EXPLOSIVE DETECTION DOGS
3
DEDICATION
4
INTRODUCTION
6
ABOUT ME, THE AUTHOR:
10
TERRORISM - A CLARIFICATION
12
CHAPTER 1 - EXPLOSIVES & TERRORISM
14
EXPLOSIVES AND THEIR HISTORICAL FOUNDATIONS
14
THE MULTIFACETED IMPORTANCE OF EXPLOSIVES IN DIFFERENT VARIOUS APPLICATION
AREAS
19
THE CHEMISTRY BEHIND EXPLOSIVES: AN INTRODUCTION TO FUNDAMENTAL PRINCIPLES
28
CLASSIFICATION OF EXPLOSIVES: AN OVERVIEW OF VARIOUS CLASSES OF EXPLOSIVES 35
PEROXIDE EXPLOSIVES: THEIR SPECIFICITIES AND APPLICATIONS
40
NON-PEROXIDE EXPLOSIVES: PROPERTIES AND APPLICATIONS
40
INITIATION AND AMPLIFICATION: A DETAILED EXAMINATION OF DETONATING CORDS,
DETONATORS, AND IGNITION SYSTEMS
42
DETONATORS: THE DECISIVE COMPONENT IN THE CONTEXT OF EXPLOSIVES
47
MANUFACTURING PROCESSES OF EXPLOSIVES: A COMPREHENSIVE INTRODUCTION
48
CHEMICAL REACTIONS AND SYNTHESIS METHODS: THE KEY TO MANUFACTURING
EXPLOSIVES
51
DEFINITIONS AND DISTINCTIONS: TERRORISM AND EXTREMISM
54
THE FACETS OF RIGHT-WING EXTREMIST TERRORISM IN GERMANY
57
LEFT-WING EXTREMIST TERRORISM IN GERMANY: FEATURES AND DYNAMICS
60
ISLAMISM AND ISLAMIST TERRORISM: COMPLEX INTERRELATIONS
63
THE "REICH CITIZENS" MOVEMENT AND "SOVEREIGN CITIZENS": A PHENOMENON IN
THE LANDSCAPE OF EXTREMISM IN GERMANY
66
FOREIGN-RELATED EXTREMISM: DIMENSIONS AND INFLUENCE
69
STATE TERRORISM: STRUCTURES AND MECHANISMS
73
POTENTIAL THREAT SCENARIOS INVOLVING THE USE OF EXPLOSIVES
77
THE IMPACT OF THE UKRAINE CONFLICT ON TERRORISM IN GERMANY
81
STRATEGIC APPROACHES AND BEHAVIORAL PATTERNS OF TERRORIST ORGANIZATIONS
83
DETERMINANTS OF TARGET SELECTION IN TERRORIST ATTACKS
83
THE CHOICE OF EXPLOSIVES BY TERRORISTS: AN INVESTIGATION
86
THE CONSTRUCTION OF BOMBS BY TERROR GROUPS
86
TRANSPORT METHODS AND STRATEGIES OF EXPLOSIVES BY TERRORISTS
89
EXPLOSIVE DECISIONS: UNDERSTANDING BOMB PLACEMENT TACTICS IN TERRORISM 93
TIMING IS EVERYTHING: THE TIMING OF DETONATION IN TERROR ATTACKS
96
INTEGRATION OF EXPLOSIVE DETECTION DOGS IN PREVENTIVE SECURITY STRATEGY 98
THE PATH TO FREEDOM: ESCAPE PLANS OF TERRORISTS
100
TERRORISTS AND THEIR PREFERRED EXPLOSIVES: AN OVERVIEW
103
DYNAMITE: PROPERTIES, PRODUCTION, AND APPLICATION IN TERRORIST ACTIVITIES 107
PLASTIC EXPLOSIVES: FLEXIBILITY AND DESTRUCTIVE POWER IN THE MODERN TERROR
LANDSCAPE
110
THE DEVASTATING POWER OF C-4: THE EXPLOSIVE OF CHOICE FOR TERRORISM
111
HOMEMADE EXPLOSIVES (HME): THE UNDERESTIMATED DANGER - THE RISING
PREVALENCE OF HOMEMADE EXPLOSIVES IN ACTS OF TERRORISM
115
TATP (TRIACETONE TRIPEROXIDE)
115
HMTD (HEXAMETHYLENE TRIPEROXIDE DIAMINE)
115
NITRATE-BASED EXPLOSIVES LIKE ANFO
115
UREA NITRATE CHLORATE-BASED EXPLOSIVES LIKE CHLORATE/CHARCOAL AND
CHLORATE/SULFUR/SUGAR MIXTURES
115
Ø
HMTD (HEXAMETHYLENE TRIPEROXIDE DIAMINE)
115
Ø
TATP (TRIACETONE TRIPEROXIDE)
115
Ø
NITRATE-BASED EXPLOSIVES LIKE AMMONIUM NITRATE/FUEL OIL (ANFO) AND
UREA NITRATE
115
THE SIGNATURE EXPLOSIVE OF TERRORISM: A DETAILED EXAMINATION OF TATP
118
CHAPTER 2 - ENSURING SAFETY: GUIDELINES AND PRECAUTIONS IN
HANDLING EXPLOSIVES
127
ON THE PATH OF LEGALITY: LEGAL PROVISIONS AND REGULATIONS IN THE CONTEXT OF
EXPLOSIVES
133
EXPLOSIVE MATTER: A PROFOUND EXAMINATION OF THE PROPERTIES OF EXPLOSIVES
134
WITH CAUTION: HANDLING EXPLOSIVES AND SAFETY MEASURES FOR EFFECTIVE
PROTECTION
136
EXTERNAL PRESSURE: SENSITIVITY OF EXPLOSIVES TO EXTERNAL INFLUENCES
138
DYNAMICS OF EXPLOSION: INVESTIGATING DETONATION SPEED AND ENERGY RELEASE
140
COMPLIANT HANDLING: LEGAL PROVISIONS AND REGULATIONS FOR THE USE OF
EXPLOSIVES
144
SAFE STORAGE AND TRANSPORTATION: STORAGE AND TRANSPORT OF EXPLOSIVES
ACCORDING TO APPLICABLE REGULATIONS
146
BETWEEN SAFETY AND RESPONSIBILITY: LEGAL AND ETHICAL ASPECTS IN DEALING WITH
EXPLOSIVES
152
A LEGAL PERSPECTIVE: LEGAL PROVISIONS AND REGULATIONS FOR HANDLING
EXPLOSIVES
155
CHAPTER 3 - THE COMPLEX WORLD OF EXPLOSIVE DETECTION
157
SENSITIVITY TO SMELLS AND CONCENTRATION ABILITY AMID DISTRACTIONS
160
CONCENTRATION ABILITY AMID DISTRACTIONS
160
TASKS OF OLFACTION
162
THE THREE PILLARS OF OLFACTION
163
THE LIMITS OF DOGS' SENSE OF SMELL – FACTS & MYTHS
164
CHEMICAL FOUNDATIONS OF ODOR PROFILING
169
OLFACTORY LANDSCAPES FROM THE DOG'S PERSPECTIVE
172
172
THE EXPLOSIVE MARKING LAW - AN INTRODUCTION
173
PURITY LEVEL OF EXPLOSIVES - AN IMPORTANT FACTOR
179
MAIN FOCUS IN DETECTION DOG TRAINING: THE TOP EXPLOSIVES
184
CHAPTER 4 - EXPLOSIVE CLASSES & CONDITIONING
187
COMPOSITE EXPLOSIVES - COMBINED TYPES OF EXPLOSIVE SUBSTANCES
188
GUIDE TO INITIAL CONDITIONING
202
WORKING WITH SIMILAR SUBSTANCES
202
HEALTH HAZARDS FROM EXPLOSIVES FOR DETECTION DOGS
206
INJURIES AND TOXICITY
206
THE EMERGING ROLE OF ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE
209
POTENTIAL OF USING AI
211
TECHNIQUES FOR PATTERN AND IMAGE RECOGNITION
213
VARIOUS AI APPLICATIONS IN THE WORK WITH DETECTION DOGS
222
DIVERSE AI APPLICATIONS IN DETECTION DOG WORK
230
CHALLENGES IN THE COMBINATION OF DETECTION DOGS AND AI:
238
ETHICAL CONCERNS
241
DEVELOPMENTS IN DETECTION DOG TRAINING AND AI APPLICATIONS
246
TRAINING OF EXPLOSIVE DETECTION DOGS
251
EXPLOSIVE DETECTION DOG TRAINING TECHNIQUES
253
LEARNING PROCESS & MEMORY PERFORMANCE OF SCENT DETECTION DOGS
256
INFLUENCES OF NOREPINEPHRINE AND CORTISOL
258
COMPLEX COGNITIVE LEARNING
261
FIRST CONDITIONING & SCENT DISCRIMINATION TRAINING
263
SCENT DISCRIMINATION TRAINING
268
CHAPTER 5 - TECHNOLOGY & TRAINING
271
THE SCENT BOARD - DIFFERENCES IN QUALITY AND THEIR IMPACT ON RESULTS
271
DOUBLE-BLIND ON THE SCENT BOARD IS CRUCIAL
273
THE SCENT WHEEL FOR CONDITIONING
278
CONDITIONING A BRIDGE SIGNAL
285
FOOD OR TOY AS REINFORCEMENT?
285
SCENT WHEEL AND EMOTIONS
295
CHARACTERISTICS OF SCENT WHEEL TRAINING
297
LINE-UP TRAINING
301
THE PROCESS OF LINE-UP TRAINING
306
LINE-UP TRAINING - PROS AND CONS
307
CHAPTER 6 - DISTRACTOR TRAINING
309
DISTRACTOR TRAINING
309
THE SIGNIFICANCE OF DISTRACTOR TRAINING IN THE TRAINING OF DETECTION DOGS
309
BASICS OF SCENT DISTRACTION TRAINING
315
IRRELEVANT ODORS IN SCENT DISTRACTION TRAINING
317
INTRODUCTION OF DISTRACTIONS
320
ASPECTS OF INTRODUCING DISTRACTORS
324
PROGRESSIVE INCREASE IN DISTRACTION
324
IMPORTANCE OF DOSING AND CONTROLLING DISTRACTIONS
330
STEP-BY-STEP INTRODUCTION OF DISTRACTIONS IN TRAINING
332
OVERCOMING DISTRACTIONS THROUGH ODORS AND FOCUSING ON EXPLOSIVE ODOR
335
VARIATION OF DIFFICULTY BY INTENSIFYING OR COMBINING ODORS
338
DISTRACTION OR IRRITATION CAUSED BY ODORS.
341
SIMULATION OF REAL SITUATIONS WHERE ODORS COULD BE PRESENT
344
EFFECTIVE APPROACH IN REAL OPERATIONS DESPITE THE PRESENCE OF DISTRACTIONS
347
ERROR CORRECTION DURING TRAINING
349
HANDLING STRESS AND ANXIETY DURING THE TRAINING PHASE
353
CONDITIONING OF LARGE AND SMALL QUANTITIES OF EXPLOSIVES
355
CHAPTER 7: TRAINING TOOLS & TECHNOLOGIES
361
TRADITIONAL TRAINING EQUIPMENT AND METHODS
361
INNOVATIVE TECHNOLOGIES FOR EXPLOSIVE DETECTION DOG TRAINING
363
CONTAMINATION-SAFE TRAINING ENVIRONMENTS AND MATERIALS
366
PRACTICAL TOOLS FOR CONDITIONING
372
CONTAMINATION ISSUES
375
WHAT IS ABSORPTION?
375
CHAPTER 8 - RELIABLE ODOR SAMPLES
389
TRAINING AIDS FOR DETECTION
389
ADSORBERS
389
I. QUESTIONS REGARDING THE USE OF ADSORBERS AS ODOR SAMPLES
389
II. THE USE OF NITRAMINES, NITRO COMPOUNDS, AND ESTERS OF NITRIC ACID AS
GENUINE SUBSTANCES
390
III. LOADING AND REGENERATION OF ADSORBENTS FOR SCENT SAMPLES
391
SCENT IMPRINTS OF EXPLOSIVES IN DIATOMACEOUS
399
THE USE OF REAL SUBSTANCES
404
USE OF FABRIC STRIPS/CLOTHS
405
USE OF CONTAINERS FOR CARRIER MATERIALS
408
CHAPTER 9 - PSEUDO SCENTS VS. REAL SUBSTANCES
418
THE PRINCIPLE OF PSEUDO SCENTS: ORIGIN, FUNCTION, AND APPLICATION
418
PSEUDO SCENTS (SCENT PRINTS) - WHAT THEY ARE
418
DISADVANTAGES OF SCENT PRINTS (PSEUDO SCENTS)
421
ADVANTAGES OF REAL SUBSTANCES
422
DISADVANTAGES OF REAL SUBSTANCES
423
CHAPTER 10 - SYNCHRONICITY IN TRAINING: HUMAN AND DOG AS A
UNIT
426
METHODS FOR EVALUATING UNTRAINED DOGS WITH THE SCENT WHEEL: A PRACTICAL
GUIDE
428
THE INDICATION BEHAVIOR OF DETECTION DOGS: EXPRESSIONS
430
INTRODUCTION TO BASIC PRINCIPLES AND DIFFERENT BEHAVIORS
430
ACTIVE INDICATIONS
431
TRAINING METHODS AND TECHNIQUES FOR ACTIVE INDICATIONS
432
PASSIVE INDICATIONS
432
SELECTING THE INDICATION BEHAVIOR: ACTIVE OR PASSIVE
434
RECOMMENDATIONS FOR SELECTING THE INDICATION BEHAVIOR
435
BLIND AND DOUBLE-BLIND METHODS: UNBIASED TESTING PROCEDURES IN SCENT
DETECTION WORK
437
BLIND METHOD
437
DOUBLE-BLIND METHOD
439
INFLUENCE OF STRESS, PERCEPTION, AND EMOTIONS ON THE PERFORMANCE OF SCENT
DETECTION DOGS:
442
A COMPREHENSIVE INSIGHT
442
LEARNING IN STRESSFUL SITUATIONS:
442
THE EFFECTS OF ACUTE STRESS SITUATIONS ON COGNITIVE AND EMOTIONAL FUNCTION
IN DOGS
444
PHYSIOLOGICAL BODY REACTIONS TO STRESS SITUATIONS
446
THE COMPLEX CASCADE OF PHYSIOLOGICAL REACTIONS TO STRESS: A COMPREHENSIVE
EXAMINATION
449
INTERACTIONS BETWEEN STRESS RESPONSES AND OLFACTORY PERCEPTIONS:
EXAMINING THE IMPACT OF STRESS ON THE SENSE OF SMELL
452
CHAPTER 11 - FUTURE PERSPECTIVES
455
DISCUSSION
459
SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION
461
BIBLIOGRAPHY
466
GLOSSAR:
470
LEGAL NOTICE:
471
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40